"An Ode [Rule, Britannia]" James Thomson David Mallet Thomas Arne Howe Tonya Correction, editorial commentary, and markup Students and Staff of Marymount University Tonya Howe VIVA Literature in Context
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Published by Literature in Context under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Unported License "An Ode [Rule, Britannia]" James Thomson Alfred: A Masque London A. Millar 1740 This song was originally included in the three-act masque, Alfred, by James Thomson and David Mallet, published by A. Millar. It was set to music by Thomas Arne. The musical score was first printed in 1741, as a supplement to The Music in the Judgement of Paris, in London, by Henry Waylett. The score can be viewed via the IMSLP Petrucchi Music Archive at http://vmirror.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/9/96/IMSLP284937-PMLP146712-Arne_Rule_Britannia.pdf. Page images are drawn from the libretto, available on Google Books at https://www.google.com/books/edition/Alfred_a_Masque/OR3haEgISR8C. For more information on the 1740 text, see the English Short Title Catalog at http://estc.bl.uk/T21215. Oxford, UK Oxford Text Archive Thomson, James, 1700-1748. and Mallet, David, 1705?-1765., 2007, Alfred: a masque: Represented before Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, at Cliffden, on the first of August, 1740., Oxford Text Archive, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12024/K030406.000. 44p.; 8⁰. pp 42-43 English print London, England

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 Unnumbered divs used. Library of Congress Name Authority File Library of Congress Classification Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names Open Researcher and Contributor ID First pass XML file An ODE. [Rule, Britannia]
1. When Britain first, at heaven's command, Arose from out the azure main; According to the OED (main, n.5a), the "main" is the open sea--the azure or blue sea, in this case. This was the charter of the land, A charter is a founding document, but more specifically, a document from a sovereign source "granting privileges to, or recognizing the rights of,...certain classes" or groups of people (OED, n.1a). What entity grants these rights in the poem? And guardian Angels sung this strain: "Rule Britannia, rule the waves;

Britannia is a figurative, allegorical representation of Britain as a female warrior carrying a trident and a sheild, often accompanied by a lion. The trident is the weapon of Neptune, the ancient Roman god of the sea, and in the 19th century, she became a vivid symbol of empire. We might keep in mind the role that white femininity might play in "civilizing" others. In the 1778 painting shown here, we see an unhelmeted Britannia accepting offerings from "the East" (The East Offering its Richest to Britannia, via Wikipedia).

 "Britons never will be slaves." 2. The nations, not so blest as thee, Must, in their turns, to tyrants fall: While thou shalt flourish great and free, The dread and envy of them all. "Rule, &c. 3. Still more majestic shalt thou rise, More dreadful, from each foreign stroke: As the loud blast that tears the skies, Serves but to root thy native oak. The native English oak tree (quercus robur) has long been a symbol of strength and justice ("Oak Symbolism in the Light of Genomics"). "Rule, &c. 4. Thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame: All their attempts to bend thee down, Will but arrouse thy generous flame; But work their woe, and thy renown. "Rule, &c. 5. To thee belongs the rural reign; Thy cities shall with commerce shine: All thine shall be the subject main, And every shore it circles thine. "Rule, &c. 6. The Muses, still with freedom found, Shall to thy happy coast repair: Blest isle! with matchless beauty crown'd, And manly hearts to guard the fair. "Rule, Britannia, rule the waves: "Britons never will be slaves.